Notas detalhadas sobre epicteto
Epicterto también habla constantemente en el manual Derivado do la tolerancia y discreción que el hombre debe mostrar en todo instante, debe respetar las opiniones de los demás y no ir pavoneándose por sus conocimientos.
†The starting point for Epictetus was the famous dichotomy of control, as expressed at the very beginning of the Enchiridion
On balance, it seems fair to say that the ancient Stoics did believe in a (physical) god that they equated with the rational principle organizing the cosmos, and which was distributed throughout the universe in a way that can be construed as pantheistic. While it is the case that they maintained that an understanding of the cosmos informs the understanding of ethics, construed as the study of how to live one’s life, it can also be reasonably argued that Stoic metaphysics underdetermined—on the Stoics’ own conception—their ethics, thus leaving room for a “God or Atoms†position that may have developed as a concession to the criticisms of the Epicureans, who were atomists.
It’s not enough to simply hear these lessons once, instead, one practices them over and over again, turns them over in their mind, and most importantly, writes them down and feels them flowing through their fingers in doing so.
(1584), where he argued that Christians can draw on the resources of Stoicism during troubled times, while at the same time carefully pointing out aspects of Stoicism that are unacceptable for a Christian. Lipsius also drew on Epictetus, whose Enchiridion had first been translated in English a few years earlier.
The defeat of the King of Pontus, and consequently of Athens, spelled disaster for the latter and led to a diaspora of philosophers throughout the Mediterranean.
, Chrysippus was arguably the most influential Stoic thinker, responsible for an overhaul of the school, which had declined under the guidance of Cleanthes, a broad systematization of its teachings, and the introduction of a number of novel notions in logic—the aspect of Stoicism that has had the most technical philosophical impact in the long run.
logic to guard the fruits of their garden, the ethics. They also introduced modality into their logic, most importantly the modal properties of necessity, possibility, non-possibility, impossibility, plausibility and probability. This was a very modern and practically useful approach, as it directed attention to the fact that some assertibles induce assent even though they may be false, as well as to the observation that some assertibles have a higher likelihood of being true than not.
One way to think of this is that the Aristotelian approach comes across as a bit too aristocratic: if one does not have certain privileges in life, one cannot achieve eudaimonia. By contrast, the Cynics were preaching a rather extremely minimalist life style, which is hard to practice for most human beings.
If clarity and distinctiveness are internal features of cataleptic impressions, then these are phenomenal features, and it is easy to come up with counterexamples where they do not seem to work (for instance, the common occurrence of mistaking one member of a pair of twins for the other one).
After all, it is Seneca who urged us to tell ourselves “You may not wake up tomorrow,†when going to bed and “You may not sleep again,†when waking up as reminders of our mortality. Or as another Stoic, Epictetus, urged his students: “Keep death and exile before your eyes each day, along with everything that seems terrible— by doing so, you’ll never have a base thought nor will you have excessive desire.
Es en este contexto en referência utilizada el cual los filósofos por Helenismo ven la necesidad do proponer nuevos valores morales qual permitan a los individuos vivir do la mejor manera posible y encontrar su rumbo en medio del caos que podrÃa representar esa mezcla con otros pueblos; los cuales tambié especialmenten tenÃan sus valores, creencias y cultura.
†In his Meditations, Marcus Aurelius wrote that “You could leave life right now. Let that determine what you do and say and think.†That was a personal reminder to continue living a life of virtue now, and not wait.
“Nothing happens to the wise man against his expectation,†he wrote to a friend. “. . . nor do all things turn out for him as he wished but as he reckoned—and above all he reckoned that something could block his plans.â€
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